High school chemistry

Units

1. 1

   Measurement and matter

   4 lessons

   1. SI units, prefixes and reading instrumentsRead an instrument to its justified digits, convert with SI prefixes, and handle burette and temperature readings correctly.
   2. Significant figures in calculations; accuracy, precision and percent errorCount significant figures, round sums and products once at the end, and judge results with accuracy, precision and percent error.
   3. Dimensional analysis and densityUse cancelling units to convert measurements and use density to find mass or volume with appropriate significant figures.
   4. Classifying matter: pure substances and mixtures, physical and chemical properties and changes, separating mixturesClassify samples using particles and composition; distinguish changes; choose separations using physical properties.
2. 2

   Atoms and the periodic table

   6 lessons

   1. Atomic models from Dalton to Bohr: the evidence behind each changeUse evidence to explain each model change and identify what earlier models still explain.
   2. Atomic structure: protons, neutrons, electrons, isotopes and average atomic massDetermine particle counts from isotope symbols and calculate average atomic mass from isotope abundances.
   3. Light, energy levels and emission spectraExplain emission lines using electron-energy levels and calculate photon energy from wavelength.
   4. Electron configurations and valence electronsWrite electron configurations, draw orbital boxes, identify valence electrons, and form ion configurations.
   5. The periodic table as a model: groups, periods, blocks and familiesUse a supplied periodic table to locate and classify elements and predict properties and compound formulas.
   6. Coulombic attraction and periodic trends: radius, ionization energy and electronegativityPredict and explain atomic radius, first ionization energy, electronegativity, and ion size using charge, distance, and electron repulsion.
3. 3

   Chemical bonding and structure

   7 lessons

   1. Ionic bonding: ions, lattices and formulasWrite ionic formulas, describe their lattices, and explain melting, brittleness and conductivity.
   2. Naming ionic compounds with polyatomic ions and Roman numeralsName ionic compounds and write their formulas, finding a variable metal charge by balancing and keeping polyatomic ions whole.
   3. Naming molecular compounds and acidsChoose the naming family, then name two-nonmetal compounds with prefixes and name aqueous acids from their anions.
   4. Covalent bonding and Lewis structuresDraw and check Lewis structures using a valence-electron budget, including multiple bonds and common octet exceptions.
   5. Molecular shape (VSEPR) and polarityUse a Lewis structure to predict molecular shape and decide whether bond dipoles cancel.
   6. Intermolecular forces and bulk propertiesExplain how attractions between molecules help determine boiling points and other measurable properties.
   7. Metallic and network solids, and structure in designed materialsExplain solid properties from particle structure and justify a material choice for a purpose.
4. 4

   Chemical reactions

   6 lessons

   1. Chemical change: evidence, particle models and conservation of atomsUse evidence, particle tallies and mass measurements to explain a chemical change.
   2. Writing and balancing chemical equationsWrite formulas from reaction names and balance equations with the lowest whole-number coefficients.
   3. Five reaction typesClassify reactions by what the atoms do, and predict and balance synthesis and decomposition reactions from ion charges.
   4. Predicting products: activity series and combustionDecide whether a replacement or exchange reaction happens, write and balance its products, and predict complete and incomplete combustion.
   5. Precipitation reactions and net ionic equationsPredict a precipitate and write balanced molecular, complete ionic, and net ionic equations.
   6. Oxidation and reduction: electron transferIdentify electron loss and gain, track oxidation numbers, match half-equations, and name oxidizing and reducing agents.
5. 5

   The mole and stoichiometry

   5 lessons

   1. The mole, Avogadro's number and molar massConvert a measured mass to moles and a named particle count.
   2. Percent composition and hydratesCalculate the percent by mass of each element in a compound, use it to find a mass of one element in a sample, and find the water in a hydrate and its formula.
   3. Empirical and molecular formulas from mass and combustion dataFind a compound's simplest atom ratio from masses or percents, scale it to a molecular formula with the molar mass, and use combustion analysis as evidence.
   4. Mole ratios and mass-to-mass stoichiometryCalculate a substance’s mass from another substance’s mass using a balanced equation, then check total mass.
   5. Limiting reactant, theoretical and percent yieldIdentify the limiting reactant, calculate theoretical yield and excess left, and find percent yield.
6. 6

   Gases and kinetic molecular theory

   5 lessons

   1. Kinetic molecular theory: pressure, temperature and particle motionExplain gas pressure through collisions, use kelvin to compare motion energy, and read a speed distribution.
   2. Boyle's and Charles's lawsPredict and calculate how a gas's pressure changes with volume at fixed temperature and how its volume changes with kelvin temperature at fixed pressure, and read the graphs of both.
   3. Gay-Lussac's law and the combined gas lawChoose the gas law from what stays constant, calculate a new pressure or volume with kelvin temperatures and one pressure unit, and check the direction of the answer.
   4. The ideal gas law, Avogadro's law and molar volumeCalculate the amount, pressure, volume or molar mass of a gas with PV = nRT, using matched units and kelvin, and explain why equal moles of any gas fill equal volumes.
   5. Dalton's law, gas stoichiometry and Graham's lawFind partial pressures from mole fractions, correct a gas collected over water, calculate masses and volumes in gas reactions, and recognise the limits of the ideal model.
7. 7

   Solutions

   4 lessons

   1. The dissolving process, solubility and solubility curvesExplain dissolving using particle attractions, then use a solubility curve to predict dissolved and crystallized masses.
   2. Concentration: molarity, dilution and solution stoichiometryCalculate molarity, prepare and dilute solutions, and use solution concentration in reaction calculations.
   3. Electrolytes, saturation and concentration units: mass percent, ppm and molalityClassify solutes as strong, weak or non-electrolytes, describe how full a solution is, and calculate mass percent, parts per million and molality.
   4. Colligative properties: freezing point, boiling point and osmosisPredict how dissolved particles change water’s freezing point, boiling point and movement through a membrane.
8. 8

   Energy in chemical reactions

   6 lessons

   1. Heat, temperature, specific heat and calorimetryCalculate energy transferred from temperature changes and use conservation to interpret calorimeter measurements.
   2. Phase changes and heating curvesRead a heating curve and calculate energy absorbed or released across temperature and phase changes.
   3. Exothermic and endothermic reactions and bond energiesEstimate ΔH from bond energies, explain its sign, and draw an energy diagram with an activation barrier.
   4. Thermochemical equations: ΔH as a stoichiometric quantityRead, scale and reverse a thermochemical equation, calculate the heat for a given mass, and tell ΔH apart from activation energy and from the effect of physical state.
   5. Hess's law and enthalpies of formationFind the ΔH of a reaction by adding known reactions, and calculate ΔH° from standard enthalpies of formation, products minus reactants, with elements at zero.
   6. Energy and entropy: the laws of thermodynamicsApply the first law to track energy, predict the sign of entropy change, and use ΔG = ΔH - TΔS to decide whether a change is spontaneous at a given temperature.
9. 9

   Reaction rates and equilibrium

   4 lessons

   1. Collision theory and the factors that change reaction rateExplain how collisions, surface area, concentration, and temperature affect reaction rate; calculate rates from CO₂-volume data.
   2. Catalysts, activation energy and reaction energy profilesDraw catalyst energy profiles and explain faster reactions without changing products, ΔH or equilibrium composition.
   3. Reversible reactions, dynamic equilibrium and the equilibrium constantExplain a steady reversible reaction, calculate K, and compare Q with K to predict net direction.
   4. Le Chatelier's principle and designing chemical systemsPredict equilibrium shifts and justify Haber-process conditions using yield, rate and cost.
10. 10

    Acids and bases

    5 lessons

    1. Acids and bases: Arrhenius and Brønsted-Lowry, conjugate pairs, strong and weakIdentify acids, bases and conjugate pairs in reactions; distinguish acid strength from concentration.
    2. The pH scale, [H₃O⁺], [OH⁻] and the water equilibriumCalculate pH, pOH and ion concentrations at 25 °C; predict strong-acid dilution.
    3. Neutralisation and titrationCalculate an acid’s concentration from titration data and choose an indicator using a pH curve.
    4. Weak acids: Ka and pHWrite a Ka expression, rank acids by Ka, calculate the pH and percent ionisation of a weak acid with an ICE table, find Ka from a measured pH, and check the small-x approximation.
    5. Buffers and indicatorsExplain with Le Chatelier's principle how a weak acid and its conjugate base resist a pH change, calculate a buffer's pH before and after an addition, and choose an indicator whose colour range fits.
11. 11

    Electrochemistry

    2 lessons

    1. Balancing redox reactions with half-reactionsFind oxidation numbers, split a redox reaction into oxidation and reduction half-reactions, balance each in acid with water, hydrogen ions and electrons, and combine them with equal electrons.
    2. Electrochemical cells: voltaic and electrolyticDescribe a voltaic cell's electrodes and flows, calculate E°cell from standard potentials, and explain how an electrolytic cell uses a power supply to drive a reaction that does not happen by itself.
12. 12

    Nuclear chemistry

    3 lessons

    1. Nuclear stability and radioactive decayBalance nuclear equations and use shielding evidence to explain radiation risk.
    2. Half-life and radiometric datingCalculate an amount remaining or an age from a half-life, and use parent–daughter amounts to date a rock.
    3. Mass-energy, fission and fusionBalance nuclear equations, calculate released energy from missing mass, and distinguish fission from fusion.
13. 13

    Introduction to organic chemistry

    3 lessons

    1. Hydrocarbons: alkanes, alkenes, alkynes and namingPredict the formula of an alkane, alkene or alkyne from its bonds, name a hydrocarbon from its longest chain and branches, and explain why one formula can describe several molecules.
    2. Isomers and functional groupsDraw and name structural isomers, recognise the main functional groups, and predict boiling point and acid behaviour from the group and its hydrogen bonding.
    3. Organic reactions and polymersClassify and write the common organic reactions, combustion, addition, substitution and condensation, and explain how addition and condensation polymers form and what trade-offs plastics bring.